On the morning of October 1, 1990, Major General Fred Gisa Rwigema led RPA soldiers across the Ugandan-Rwandan border, marking the beginning of a decisive military campaign.

Upon crossing, the RPA forces encountered and swiftly defeated a small group of government soldiers under President Juvénal Habyarimana, securing their entry into Rwanda.

By mid-afternoon, most of the RPA soldiers, numbering between 400 and 600, had reached Kagitumba.

Major General Rwigema stood between two trees—still standing today—and issued orders to his troops.

He divided them into battalions: Major Chris Bunyenyezi led the First Battalion, Colonel Ndugute Stephen commanded the Fourth, Lt Col Adam Waswa led the Sixth, and Sam Kaka headed the Ninth Battalion.

Before advancing, Rwigema reminded his soldiers of their mission to liberate Rwanda.
In a symbolic gesture, he removed his Ugandan military ranks and threw them into the Umuvumba River.

His fellow soldiers followed suit, emphasizing their commitment to the cause. Despite offering an opportunity for any soldiers who felt uncommitted to return to Uganda, none chose to leave.

On October 2, 1990, the First and Fourth Battalions were ordered to advance towards Kigali, while the Sixth and Ninth Battalions moved toward Nyagatare.

Maj Gen Rwigema, along with a few troops, went to oversee their deployments.

Unfortunately, while en route to Nyabwishongwezi Hill, a government army vehicle on patrol to inspect areas attacked on the previous day fired shots, one of which fatally struck Maj Gen Rwigema.

The news of his death did not reach many RPA soldiers until later, but despite this loss, they continued to press forward.

By October 3, RPA forces had taken control of Nyagatare, and two days later, they captured Gabiro.

The Rwandan government, claiming Uganda had invaded, sought international assistance, with Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire sending reinforcements to aid the Rwandan army.

As the battle raged on, the RPA forces began to learn of Rwigema’s death, causing morale to drop. The harsh conditions of the battleground also contributed to their difficulties, leading to setbacks in their initial progress.

Local residents’ experiences

Kagitumba and the surrounding areas were sparsely populated in 1990, as much of the region was part of Akagera National Park.

While some local residents quickly became aware of the fighting, others took longer to realize the significance of the events unfolding around them.

Donatha Mukarubayiza, a resident of Kagitumba at the time, was a farmer and served as a member of the cell’s committee.

She recalled the moment she first learned about the attack. "It was around 6 PM when we heard government’s radio broadcasts that the country had been attacked by Inyenzi [cockroaches- a degrading name used by the then regime to dehumanize attackers]. The name Inkotanyi hadn’t been mentioned yet. We were told not to leave our homes or gather in groups. That was the first time we had heard gunfire, and we were very scared," she recounted.

Mukarubayiza first encountered RPA soldiers on October 4, 1990, when they arrived in distinct uniforms.

"We saw soldiers dressed differently, and people told us, ‘Look, those are the Inkotanyi.’ [...] They reassured us, saying, ‘Stay calm, continue farming; we are Rwandans like you,’" she said.

Mukarubayiza also noted how respectful the RPA soldiers were towards the local population.

"They would take essential goods from shops, like soap and food, but they always paid."
Pheneas Muzatsinda, another resident, was traveling to Kigali when the war broke out and could not return home.

He recalled, "When the war started, I was on a trip to Kigali, and I couldn’t return. The road to Nyagatare was closed, and vehicles were not allowed to pass. I had no other way to return, so I remained there."

"I learned about the Inkotanyi invasion that same day, on October 1, because after 10 a.m., no more vehicles were going towards Nyagatare, and the road was closed. Around 1 or 2 p.m., we saw two people arriving on a motorcycle, saying that Ugandan soldiers had crossed the border at Kagitumba and attacked Rwanda," he continued.

Muzatsinda recalled seeing RPA soldiers for the first time on October 18, 1990, when they had captured Kabarore and reassured civilians that it was safe to return to their homes.
He spent around one week and half with the RPA forces in Kabarore until they came under attack by government forces.

As the fighting intensified on October 26, Inkotanyi asked Muzatsinda to remain indoors as the then government’s soldiers had arrived in the area.

Muzatsinda along with his colleagues in the same house was captured by the government soldiers and imprisoned as a suspected RPA accomplice.

Three of them died in Byumba where the government’s forces had taken them but Muzatsinda escaped.

The aftermath of Rwigema’s death

The death of Maj Gen Rwigema initially caused a drop in morale among the RPA forces.
Samuel Rwabuhungu, another resident of Kagitumba at the time, recalled being a schoolboy in Primary Six when the RPA invaded.

His parents came to collect him from school as the country had been attacked.

“Like many children, we initially saw the situation as exciting, unaware of the gravity of the war,” he said.

Rwabuhungu recalled that the RPA soldiers were not violent and lived with residents in harmony.

Donatha Mukarubayiza said she doesn’t remember the exact day she learned about the death of Maj Gen Fred Gisa Rwigema.

However, she recalled, "We eventually heard that the person leading Inkotanyi was shot on the Nyabwishongwezi Hill. The soldiers repelled Inkotanyi and came to tell us, ’We are fighting the battle, and we are winning.’ About a week later, we heard that Bayingana and Bunyenyezi had also fallen in Nyakayaga."

She continued, "Later, the local leaders appeared carrying banana stems, saying they were going to reward Rwigema. Then they told us, ’We defeated the Inkotanyi, and they retreated.’"

As for Pheneas Muzatsinda, he learned about Rwigema’s death when “they started singing about it because, where we were imprisoned, we had no other news throughout the entire month of November.”

After the death of Rwigema and other senior RPA officers, the battle lost momentum, and some began to feel that defeat was imminent.

However, the struggle was revived when Paul Kagame, who was studying in the United States, returned to take command.

He regrouped the forces who moved from Nyagatare to the Volcano National Park. The war eventually came to an end in July 1994, when the RPA forces stopped the Genocide against the Tutsi and secured victory.

The majority of RPA soldiers comprised young people. This picture was taken on May 26, 1994 on their way to Kigali City.

RPA soldiers in Kagitumba on October 22, 1990 in the early days of the Liberation Struggle.

Lt Gerald Mbanda (former head of media sector development at RGB) with colleagues who worked at Radio Muhabura affiliated to RPA.

Their morale was always high during the Liberation Struggle.

The youth had great zeal to liberate Rwandans from oppression.

RPA didn't have enough resources but their determination fughting for the right cause lead to their victory.

Maj Gen Paul Kagame with other RPF members including Tito Rutaremara (right).

Maj Gen Paul Kagame in an interview with members of the press during the Liberation Struggle.

This photo shows buses that moved RPA soldiers from Mulindi to CND.

Maj Gen Paul Kagame took command after suspending studies in USA.

Mugisha Pepekale, Happy Ruvusha, James Kabarebe, Alex Kagame, Charles Kayonga and John Gasana (sitting) were among the guards of Maj Gen Paul Kagame during the Liberation Struggle.

Rtd Col Ludovic Dodo Twahirwa wearing a red beret was among soldiers highly skilled in battle models.

This photo shows RPA soldier using a Machine Gun mounted in Byumba on April 17, 1994.

After winning the struggle, Rwanda undewent a rebuilding process that has seen the country becoming a beacon of hope.

RPA soldiers interacting with US soldiers in Kanombe after the Liberation Struggle.

These RPA soldiers were pictured in a banana plantation in Kigali during teh Liberation Struggle.

Maj Gen Paul Kagame taking oath as Rwanda’s Minister of Defence after the Liberation Struggle.

The RPA military band entertained soldiers to boost their morale.

Soldiers who worked at Radio Muhabura during break time.

Gen (Rtd) James Kabarebe was among soldiers who liberated the country.

Medical personnel would attend to patients in bushes.

RPA soldiers in Nyamata, Bugesera District. They had small radios helping them to get updates about the war.